World Agriculture Before and After 1492 by Origins of World Crops and Livestock
2.1 Peopling of the World
2.2 Origins of Agriculture
2.2.1 Locations
2.2.2 Tip of the Iceberg
2.3 Transcontinental Dispersal of Near East Crops
2.4 Spread of Agriculture Across the Mediterranean Basin
2.5 Indian Ocean Dispersals
2.6 Dispersal of New World Crops
2.7 World Agricultural Systems in 1492
2.7.1 Western Hemisphere
2.7.2 Eastern Hemisphere
Evolution of European Agriculture
3.1 Agriculture of Western Europe in Middle Ages.
3.1.1 MajorAgricultural Systems
3.1.2 Open-Field System and the Manor
3.1.3 Agricultural Tools Utilized in Open Farming
3.2 Muslim "Green Revolution" in Spain (Al Andalus)
3.3 Spread of the Mediterranean Agrosystem
3.4 Agriculture of the Iberian Peninsula in 1492
3.5 Food and Diet of Medieval Europeans
Agriculture in the Americas Before the European Conquest
4.1 Background
4.2 Major Rural Economies in the Americas in 1492
4.3 Food and Agriculture of Aztecs
4.3.1 Food and Diet
4.3.2 Culture and Land Use
4.3.3 Ecogeography and Agricultural Practices
4.3.4 Agricultural Tools and Implements
4.4 Food and Agriculture of Incas
4.4.1 Food and Diet
4.4.2 Culture and Land Use
4.4.3 Ecogeography and Agricultural Practices
4.4.4 Agricultural Tools and Implements
4.5 Food and Agriculture of Maya
4.5.1 Food and Diet
4.5.2 Culture and Land Use
4.5.3 Ecogeography and Agricultural Practices
4.5.4 Agricultural Tools and Implements
4.6 Food and Agriculture of Taino
4.6.1 Food and Diet
4.6.2 Culture and Land Use
4.6.3 Ecogeography and Agricultural Practices
4.7 Food and Agriculture of Tupi-Guarani
4.7.1 Food and Diet
4.7.2 Culture and Land Use
4.7.3 Ecogeography and Agricultural Practices
4.8 Food and Agriculture of the Indigenous People of the Eastern US
4.8.1 Food and Diet
4.8.2 Culture and Land Use
4.8.3 Ecogeography and Agricultural Practices
4.9 Food and Agriculture of the O'odham and Puebla in the Trans-Mississippian West
4.9.1 Food and Diet
4.9.2 Culture and Land Use
4.9.3 Ecogeography and Agricultural Practices
4.10 Amerindian Versus Iberian Agriculture
Spanish Conquest and Colonization of the Americas
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Initial Spanish Conquest of the Americas
5.3 Pattern of Spanish Colonization
5.4 Organization of Spanish America
5.5 The Spanish Colonial Economy
5.6 Spanish Forays into North America
5.7 The Great Dying After European Contact
Advance of Spanish Agriculture in Colonial America
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Early Crop and Livestock Introductions into the Caribbean
6.3 The Casa De Contratacion
6.4 Early Introductions to Mesoamerica
6.5 Seventeenth Century Agriculture in New Spain
6.6 Early Crop and Livestock Introductions to Peru
6.7 Seventeenth Century Agriculture in Spanish South America
6.8 Spanish Livestock in the New World
6.9 Amerindian Agriculture After the Conquest and Colonization
6.10 The Colonization of Southwestern North America
6.10.1 Juan de Ornate Expedition
6.10.2 Missions in the American Southwest
6.10.3 Indigenous Farmers of the Southwest and Old World Crops
6.11 Impact of Livestock in the Southwestern Americas
6.12 Plantation Crops in Spanish America
Portugal and the South Atlantic Exchange.
7.1 The Portuguese Colonization Strategy
7.2 Evolution of the Brazilian Economy
7.3 Slavery in the Americas
7.4 Crop and Livestock Introductions to Brazil
7.5 Spread of Sugar Plantations to Caribbean
7.6 Out from Africa
7.7 The Crop Assemblage of Brazilian Slaves
7.8 Provision Grounds of Slaves
7.9 African Rice and Banana Become Staples
7.10 Portuguese Experimentation with Spices
The Two Worlds Become One
8.1 Portuguese Find Route to the Indian Ocean
8.2 The India Run
8.3 Spanish Explorations
8.4 Andres de Urdaneta Finds Route to New Spain
8.5 Manila Galleons
8.6 Dutch and English Take Over
8.7 European Colonization of the Eastern North America
8.8 Early Successful European Colonies
8.8.1 English
8.8.2 French
8.8.3 Dutch
8.8.4 Swedes
8.9 Early Colonial Agriculture
8.10 The Colonies Diversify
Dispersal of New World Crops into the Old World
9.1 Dispersal of Major New World Temperate Crops
9.1.1 Maize
9.1.2 Phaseolus Beans
9.1.3 Pumpkins and Squash
9.1.4 Tomato
9.1.5 Potato
9.1.6 Sunflower
9.2 Dispersal of Other New World Temperate Crops
9.3 Dispersal of Major New World Tropical Crops
9.3.1 Manioc (Cassava).
9.3.2 Peanut
9.3.3 Sweet Potato.
9.3.4 Tobacco
9.4 Dispersal of Other New World Tropical Crops
9.5 Dispersal of Chili Peppers and Cotton Across Temperate and Tropical Climes
9.5.1 Chili Peppers
9.5.2 Cotton
Five Hundred Years After the Great Encounter
10.1 Acceptance of New World Crops in the Old World
10.2 Crops of the World Yesterday and Today
10.3 Influence of the Columbian Exchange on the Peopling of the World
10.4 Impact of American Foods on Population Growth in Europe